Chapter 2: First Civilizations

Destiny Williams

Professor Andrews

World History

                                                             First Civilizations:
Indus Valley Civilization:

• Mesopotamia and Egypt are center stage to first civilization.
• This civilization began around 2000 B.C.
• Indus valley was in decline around 1700 B.C. 
• Indus cities were the most distinctive
• Houses made of mud and bricks many of the homes had their own latrines other than that there was a drainage
• It's language was limited in extent so it has not been deciphered.
• Seals are used for imprinting an image on a document
• Animals are the most artifacts  in the Indus valley such as bulls, elephants, crocodiles, buffalo, even mythical creatures like unicorns
• Seals represent high official, clans, businesses, and prominent individuals
• Unicorn seals were used for impressions on clay tags 
• Bull seals were very rare, high ranked
• The bull seal shows leadership and ownership
• Although the bull is rare people know when you see a bull seal it means someone of higher up

Chapter 1: First Peoples;First Farmers

Destiny Williams
Professor Andrews
World History

                                                    First Peoples:First Farmers

• These peoples,Natives,or Aboriginals are in Australia on an island
• Gathering and hunting became a way of life after the Europeans arrived in the late eighteenth century.
• In modern Australia these native peoples persisted into the 21st century as minority and very few still practice their ancient culture.
• These Aboriginals developed myths,legends,and stories that give expression to the Aboriginal cosmology and understand of the world
• The stories told were majority about the landscape, humans and animals which lived here and mythical ancestors 
• Before humans arrived beings of ancestral sort emerged and traversed the land and earth
• Ancestral beings had rock art that still make presence, image, and shadow
• Explanation: This portion of the chapter shares that there is proof of other beings besides human. It shows that things have been around as long as before the first humans became about . This is important because it shows that we all may not understand what they went through and we may not know the experience but the Aboriginal peoples started art and they started surviving with little to nothing.
• Understanding Creation:
• The dreamtime in this context is "time before time" 
• These beings somehow vanished when work they were doing was done
• Yhi Brings Life to the World:
• In the very beginning there was nothing except quiet, no vegetation, living, or moving thing, was not dead but asleep
• It was said that the earth was frozen so undead things lay icy in the mountains
• Yhi is a sun goddess of light and creation 
• Baiame the great spirit is a creator deity, Sky Father who would come to her and whisper and that is how the world will awaken. 
• Yhi recrossed her tracks and kept crossing them until the whole earth was covered in grasses, trees, vegetation in general
• Yhi was stronger then many evil spirits such as in the gloomy spaces beneath the surface, evil spirits wouldn't let beings awake but the creatures have been waiting for Yhi's warm touch and soon creatures from all over started to surround and follow her.
• This chapter is basically just explaining how everything came to pass, It is basically showing how everything started how animals arouse. This is saying how even when something is trying to keep you from succeeding you can still achieve what you were originally aiming to do. 

Chapter 23

Destiny Williams

Professor Andrews

World History 2

April 2018
                                                    Chapter 23: Capitalism and Culture

• Not many people in the world of the twenty-first century remain untouched by globalization.
• The pervasive processes of interaction among distant peoples has shaped the clothing we wear, foods we eat, the products we consume, the ways we work, the music we listen to, the religions we practice, and the identities we assume. 
• some interactions are very hard to avoid. 
• Globalization for Asia, Africa, and Latin America has been of working in foreign- owned production facilities. 
• Companies of wealth find it advantageous to build such facilities in places where labor is less expensive .
• Sweatshops are known for dangerous working conditions, child labor, few benefits, and low pay.
• These abuses have generated an international movement challenging those conditions.
• This culture of consumerism has not been more prominent than in China.
• During the last decades of the twentieth century, the process of economic globalization spawned various movements of resistance and criticism.
• In developing countries protesters demonstrated or rioted against government policies that removed subsides, raised prices, froze salaries, and cut back on social services. 

Chapter 22

Destiny Williams

Professor Andrews

World History 2

April 2018
                                                    Chapter 22: The End of Empire

• The growing intrusion of the West and of modern secular culture into the Islamic world has prompted acute and highly visible debate among Muslims.
• Turkey emerged from the Ottoman Empire and adopted a distinctive path of modernization, westernization, and secularism.
• Policies sought to remove Islam from any significant role in public life.
• Ottoman rulers had claimed leadership  of the entire Islamic world.
• Although Ataturk was seeking removing Islam from public life of Turkey, a new form of Muslim organization in Egypt was strongly advocated.
• Long a major presence in Egyptian political life, the brotherhood has frequently come into conflict with state authorities.
• A pamphlet addressed to Egyptian and other Arab political leaders spelled out its views about the direction toward which a proper Islamic society should move.
• The Iranian revolution brought to power an Islamist government able to infuse public life with "the spirit of Islam".

Chapter 21

Destiny Williams

Professor Andrews

World History 2

April 2018

                                         Chapter 21: Revolution,Socialism, and Global Conflict

• In China, as in other communist countries, art served the state and communist party.
• This wasn't more apparent than in propaganda posters, found everywhere schools, homes, etc.
• The artists were under the strict control of the communist party officials
• They had to use their skills to depict party leaders
• Realities behind each image was much different
• Communist leaders noticed that the enemies weren't defeated
• Some of the enemies were killed, imprisoned, subjected to the endless self criticism sessions or sent to rural areas to learn from (peasants).
• Leaders sought to move China more rapidly to genuine communism by eliminating all private properties, to show social equality  and shared living.
• Efforts to involve peasants in iron and steel production through "backyard furnaces" proved failure.
• Metal productions in primitive facilities was of poor quality
• Peasants were encouraged to give their belonging made of iron to the furnaces.

Chapter 20

Destiny Williams

Professor Andrews

World History 2

April 2018

                                                    Chapter 20: Collapse at the Center

• The second World War was a conflict of ideas, ideologies, struggle of the nations, and armies.
• Many were described as fascist, authoritarian, or nationalist
• Document provide a taste of thinking as it took shape in Germany and in Japan
• 20.1-Adolf Hitler
• Hitler published his views before going into power
• Hitler absorbed a radical form of German nationalism, he retained as a profoundly disillusioned veteran.
• He joined a small extremist group called the German Workers Party.
• Based on his powerful abilities he rose fast into a dominant role.
• While in prison he wrote a book about himself and his political and social philosophy.
• 20.2- The Japanese Way
• The word kokutai in Japanese means to refer to the national essence or the fundamental character of the Japanese nation and people.
• The text defined the uniqueness of Japan and articulated the philosophical foundation of authoritarian regime.
• When Americans occupied the devastated Japan they forbade the further distribution of the book.

Chapter 19

Destiny Williams

Professor Patricia Andrews 

World History 2

March 2018 

                                Chapter 19: Empires in Collision

•  By the end of the 19th century Chinese recognized that their country was in crisis.
•  European interventions have been repeated since the first opium war.
•  China continued to face the enormous problem of widespread poverty among peasant population.
•  Foreign imperialism and peasant rebellion
•  The ability of China's vast peasant population to make it's presence felt in the political life of the country.
•  Large reparation payments from China's government
•  China's continuing weakness relative to European and Japanese powers
•  Many educated Chinese began to consider alternatives to the status quo and to make plans for changing China.
•  Some of the proposals were reformist and aimed at preserving the Qing Dynasty regime; others were more revolutionary and sought to replace dynastic China with a new society and political system altogether.
• More substantial change in China had to await the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the end of the monarchy in 1912.

Chapter 18

Destiny Williams 

Professor Patricia Andrews

World History 2

March 2018

                                   Chapter 18:Colonial Encounters in Asia, Africa, and Oceania 

• Atlantic slave trade diminished over the whole nineteenth century.   
• Europeans began to look at slaves as raw material, as opportunity for investments, as a market for industrial products, a field for exploration, opportunity to spread Christianity.
• Not until the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
• No major European power should be allowed to control the headwaters of thew Nile on Egypt depended.
• British forces move south from Egypt met a French expedition moving northeast.
• Scholars have sometimes argued that the scramble for Africa was driven less by economic interests.
• European rivalries for territory involved Great Britain.
• British authorities hung people and flogged dozens of people.
• French civilians building a small railway near the harbor, dug up parts of Muslim cemetery.
• French bombarded Arab quarter of the city.

Chapter 17

Destiny Williams

Professor Patricia Andrews 

World History 2

March 2018

                                                    Chapter 17: Revolutions of Industrialization
  

• Industrial Britain is the dirt, smoke, and pollution of early industrial societies are vividly conveyed in this nineteenth-century engraving of a copper foundry in wales.
• The industrial revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820- 1840. 
•  The growth of population was an emerging energy crisis, most pronounced in Western Europe, China, and Japan, as wood and charcoal, the major industrial fuels, became scarcer and their prices rise.
•  Industrial Revolution was a huge breakthrough.
•  Been a long source of great controversy among scholars.
•  Historians have views that suggest that Europe was destined to lead the way to modern economic life.
•  Other places in the world have experienced time of great technological and scientific flourishing.
• China was clearly the world leader in technological innovations.
• Europe was not alone in capacity for innovation.
• Europe enjoys economic advantages.

Chapter 16

Destiny Williams

Professor Patricia Andrews 

World History 2

March 2018

                                             Chapter 16: Representing the French Revolution 

•  The era reckoned to have lasted from 1789 to 1815 and unfolded as a complex and varied process.
•  First few years were relatively modern.
• By 1792 it became more violent.
•  The revolution was not a French affair
•  All major social upheavals unleash both enormous hopes and fears
•  In the beginning of the revolution people believe that France became a constitutional monarchy.
•  Three estates that were roles for the king were clergy, nobility, and commoners could live in harmony.
•  The Patriotic Snack, Revolution of the Three Estates was a representation of the revolution as it depicts the peaceful  interaction with members.
•  The hope for harmony was soon seen by people that the revolution was a sharp reveersal of class roles. 
• Members in the third estate breaks chains and members of the clergy and nobility recoil in horror.
• The French Revolution witnessed not only serious  class conflicts but vigorous attacks on the Catholic Church and Christianity itself. 
• The government seized church property to finance France's wars.

Chapter 15

Destiny Williams

Professor Patricia Andrews

World History 2

January 2018

                                      Chapter 15: Global Christianity in the Early Modern Era 

•  Christendom has been divided between Roman Catholic and Easter Orthodox branches 

  •  Christian communities persisted in Ethiopia, Armenia, Egypt, Southern India and other places as well.

    •  Christian world more globalized than in 1500,  found expression in art and architecture.

    • Differences between Protestant and Catholic Christianity was apparent in their churches interior. 

      Martin Luther King Jr. was the founder of the Protestant Christianity 

      Christianity was established in the context of European cionquest and colonial rule in Latin America.

      New faith within the region 

      In the Andes, the Inca religion featured a supreme creator god, a sun god.

      The creator of the Inca People  a moon goddess who was the wife of a priestesses and a earth mother goddess who was associated with moutains peaks and fertility. 

       

     

     

     

     

     

     

   

Chapter 14

Destiny Williams

Professor Patricia Andrews

World History 2

January 2018

                                                               Chapter 14

• Chinese silk signified rank, position, or prestige across Eurasia.

• The late twentieth century American blue jeans were in demand among the youth

• Americans who can afford a Ferrari or a Porsche acquired sophistication making them different from others.

• Global commerce wasn't the only expansion in the early modern era food, fashion, finery, and more also expanded.

•  People across the world had access to luxury goods and enhance their status

• A man can wear cotton cloth from India and eat food out of a bowl made in China: Global Trade

• Some goods such as sugar, pepper, tobacco, tea, and Indian cotton textiles drop in price becoming widely available.

• Europeans embraced goods of the world

• Global Trade was one of the main assets of the Early Modern World

• I think this chapter has a lot to do with luxury things and how anyone in any country can have things from all over the world. Global Trade has been around for a long time and it was very useful to many.